Architecture of Anxiety: Koules and the Limits of Empire in Crete
The structures known in Crete as “Koules” are among the most distinctive yet often misunderstood elements of the island’s historical landscape. Scattered across plains, hills, and coastal zones, these small fortifications form a network that speaks to centuries of insecurity, foreign rule, and local resistance. Though the word “Koules” is commonly used today to describe them, their history spans different...
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